BOWED-STRING INSTRUMENTS
HUQIN IS THE GENERAL TERM FOR ALL THE CHINESE BOWED-STRING INSTRUMENTS. THERE ARE MORE THAN THIRTY-SIX TYPES OF HUQINS: ERHU, GAOHU, ZHONGHU, GEHU, BASS GEHU, MATOQIN, SI-STRINGS HU, AND ETC.
ERHU
The erhu has a hollow wooden cylindrical body with a snake skin sounding board, two strings and bow inserted between them. It has a mellow tone quality. Erhu was played with a bow instead of a bamboo stick during the Song Dynasty (960-1279).
GAOHU
Also known as yuehu, has the same shape as the erhu, with its tubular resonator smaller, a fourth or fifth higher in tuning than erhu. It has a sonorous and glamorous tone
ZHONGHU
Also known as alto erhu, larger dimensions in the neck and resonator, a fourth or fifth lower in tuning than erhu. It has a deep and gloomy tone.
GEHU
It has four strings, has a deep and mellow tone. Its four strings are tuned in fifths. It has a horizontal round tubular resonating chamber.
BANHU
The banhu is a Chinese traditional bowed string instrument in the huqin family of instruments. It is used primarily in northern China. Ban means a piece of wood and hu is short for huqin.
SIHU
The sihu is a Chinese bowed string instrument with four strings. It is a member of the huqin family of instruments.
HORSE HEAD QIN
The instrument consists of a trapezoid wooden-framed sound box to which two strings are attached. It is held nearly upright with the sound box in the musician’s lap or between the musician’s legs.
PLUCKED-STRING INSTRUMENTS
PLUCKED-STRING INSTRUMENTS HAVE A LONG HISTORY IN CHINA. IT IS PLAYED WITH THE FINGERS OR A PLECTRUM, OR IS PLAYED WITH BAMBOO STICKS BY HITTING THE STRINGS. THERE ARE MORE THAN FORTY KINDS: GUZHENG, PIPA, ZHONGRUAN, RUAN, SANXIAN, YUEQIN, LIUQIN, HONGHOU AND ETC.
GUZHENG
Guzheng is also called Zheng or Long Zither. It is a plucked half-tube zither with 21 to 26 strings. It has a unique, rich expressiveness and is played with diverse finesse and outstanding character imparting, string flavours.
PIPA
Pipa is a pear-shaped, lute-like instrument with four strings. The pipa has a rich expressiveness tone and is played with demanding techniques.
RUAN
Ruan comes in different sizes: small-sized, medium-sized, large-sized, and bass ruans. It is a kind of pipa with a long neck. Ruan had 8 frets in ancient times, but nowadays it is equipped with 4 strings and 24 frets. The alto and tenor Ruan are commonly used. Mellow in tone quality.
LIUQIN
It has a willow-leaf shaped sound box, four strings, and 24 frets (arranged in half-step intervals). It is also called tu pipa and is a popular instrument in Shangdong. The front side is made of tung wood and the reverse side, of red sandals. It has a clear and bright tone.
YANGQIN
Yangqin is also called hudle in (butterfly-qin), and daqin (dulcimer). It came from Peria and Arabia at the end of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). It has a crisp tone with wide tonal ranges. It is an important accompanying instrument as well as a solo instrument.
SANXIAN
The sanxian is a Chinese lute � a three-stringed fretless plucked musical instrument. It has a long fingerboard, and the body is traditionally made from snakeskin stretched over a rounded rectangular resonator.
WIND INSTRUMENTS
WINDS INSTRUMENTS ARE SOUNDED BY PASSING AN AIR-STREAM THROUGH A PIPE: WITH THE AIR-STREAM PASSING THROUGH THE HOLES (DI, XIAO, XUN); WITH A DOUBLE-REED (SUONA, GUAN); WITH A REED (SHENG, BAWU, HULUSHI). IT HAS A LONG HISTORY IN CHINA. THE TONE ARE ALL DIFFERENT WITH DIFFERENT PLAYING TECHNIQUES.
DIZI
Dizi is a bamboo flute. It has a membrane over an extra tone hole to give the rattle effect of the Chinese flute.
SHENG
The sheng is made up of three components: the Sheng body, sounding pipe, and reed. As its shape looks like the phoenix wings, it was also known as fongsheng.
SUONA
Suona came from Persia and Arabia in the Jin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty. It was firstly used in the army to inspire the soldiery. Later it has been used by people in all social and entertainment functions.
XUN
Xun is a vessel flute. It is made of clay or porcelain in the shape of a goose egg or mound with the blowing hole on the top, usually five or six finger holes on the sides.
HULUSI
The hulusi is a free reed wind instrument from China. It is held vertically and has three bamboo pipes which pass through a gourd wind chest; the center pipe has finger holes and the outer two are typically drone pipes.
PAIXIAO
The paixiao is an ancient Chinese wind instrument, a form of pan pipes. It is no longer used, having died out in ancient times, although in the 20th century it was reconstructed.
BAWU
The bawu is a Chinese wind instrument. Although shaped like a flute, it is actually a free reed instrument, with a single metal reed. It is played in a transverse (horizontal) manner. It has a pure, clarinet-like timbre and its playing technique incorporates the use of much ornamentation, particularly bending tones.
PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS
Percussion instruments are played by striking them with another object. In China, percussion instruments have a long history. They can be used to highlight the rhythm in music and create colourful tonal differs. Metal types are gong, cymbals, yunluo, bells, and chimes etc; bamboo/wood types are clappers, banzi, muyu; skin types are dagu (large barrel drum), paigu (a set of tuned drums), hand drums etc.
LUO
The luo is a gong available in different sizes and is struck by a wooden mallet.
TANGGU
Its wooden shell is covered with drumheads of cowhide. It is struck with a pair of wooden beaters. Tone quality can be modified by moving the point of striking closer to the centre of the surface.
BO
The performer, with one piece in each hand, strikes the pair together. It is one of the four major instruments in the jubilant luogu (gong and drum) music.
MUYU
The muyu is a carved, hollo, wooden instrument, usually referred to as a “wooden fish”. It is mainly used for regular rhythms in the accompaniment.
BIANZHONG
Bianzhong is an ancient Chinese musical instrument consisting of a set of bronze bells, played melodically. The bells were hung in a wooden frame and struck with a mallet.
YUNLUO
The yunluo is a set of usually ten small tuned gongs mounted in a wooden frame, with each gong being about 9-12 cm in diameter, and the height of the frame being about 52 cm.
PAIBAN
The paiban is a clapper made from several flat pieces of hardwood or bamboo, which is used in many different forms of Chinese music. There are many different types of paiban.